MMSRAMocks
Guides/Professional Dilemmas
PD guide

Choose the response that is safe, proportionate and useful.

Professional Dilemmas questions are difficult because several actions can sound caring or responsible. The better answer usually deals with the real problem at the right level, while respecting patients and colleagues.

What the PD paper is testing

The official paper asks you to respond as an F2 doctor. It assesses professional judgement rather than specialist policy knowledge: integrity, coping with pressure, empathy and sensitivity are central themes.

The current official paper contains 50 scenarios in 95 minutes, split between ranking and multiple-choice questions. There is no negative marking. See the NHS England PD guidance for the official description and examples.

Start with four questions

  1. Is anyone at immediate risk?Patient safety, serious misconduct and an impaired colleague may require prompt protective action.
  2. Can I address this directly?A calm, private conversation is often better than escalating a manageable issue without first clarifying it.
  3. Do I have enough information?Do not accuse, promise or act on assumptions when a proportionate fact-finding step is available.
  4. What follow-through is needed?The strongest response often combines immediate action with appropriate support, escalation or documentation.

Ranking questions

Judge each action independently for appropriateness. The options are not a timeline, so do not rank something highly simply because it might happen first. Separate them by likely benefit, risk, proportionality and whether they address the central concern.

Strong

Protects safety, addresses the issue directly and stays within your competence.

Reasonable

Helpful but incomplete, indirect or less well targeted.

Weak

Avoids responsibility, delays action or passes the problem elsewhere unnecessarily.

Poor

Creates risk, breaches trust, acts dishonestly or ignores a serious concern.

Best Three questions

The three selected actions should work together. Look for a balanced set rather than three versions of the same response. A strong combination often covers the immediate issue, appropriate communication and sensible follow-up.

  • Do not select an option only because it is kind; it must also be effective.
  • Do not escalate every difficulty to the most senior person available.
  • Do not manage serious risk alone merely to appear independent.
  • Prefer actions you can genuinely take in the role described.

Escalation without over-escalation

Escalation is strongest when there is significant risk, repeated behaviour, a power imbalance, impaired performance or a problem beyond your competence. It is weaker when it replaces a safe direct conversation or sends a minor issue immediately to a distant authority.

Ask what the senior adds

If senior input changes safety, authority or support, escalation is probably useful. If it merely avoids an uncomfortable but appropriate conversation, it may not be the best first response.

Common traps

Confusing empathy with avoidance

Supporting a colleague does not mean overlooking risk or poor conduct.

Escalating before clarifying

Formal action may be disproportionate when facts can be checked safely.

Taking over everything

Helping is good; working outside your competence or role is not.

Choosing passive options

Reflection and future learning rarely replace action needed now.

How to improve between mocks

Do not memorise a rigid ranking formula. Instead, write down why the keyed response was more proportionate. Over time, build a small set of principles you can apply across unfamiliar scenarios: protect safety, communicate directly, seek appropriate help, respect confidentiality and follow through.

Try the method

Practise ranking plausible actions.

Start the free mock